Romans Salvation for the Jew and Gentile The Revealed Translation
Romans 1 “Faith in Jesus”
Romans 1:1 God chose me, Paul, to be a servant of Jesus Christ and apostle. And God appointed me to preach His good news
Romans 1:2 that He promised long ago, through His prophets, in the holy Scriptures.
Romans 1:3 This good news is about His Son, our Lord Jesus Christ. As a human, He was from the family of King David.
Romans 1:4 But the Holy Spirit proved that Jesus is the Son of God, because He mightily raised Jesus from the dead.
Romans 1:5 Jesus has given us the privilege and authority to tell non Jews what God has done for them so that people of all nations would believe in him, obey him, and bring him glory.
Romans 1:6 You are some of these people chosen by Jesus Christ.
Romans 1:7 This letter is to all of you in Rome. God loves you and has chosen you to be His very own people. I pray that God our Father and our Lord Jesus Christ will be kind to you and will bless you with peace.
Romans 1:8 First, I thank God in the name of Jesus Christ for all of you. I do this because people everywhere in the world are talking about your faith.
Romans 1:9 God sees how I never stop praying for your needs, while I serve him with all my Heart and tell the good news about His Son.
Romans 1:10 I ask God to make it possible for me to visit you.
Romans 1:11 I want to see you and share the same blessings that God's Spirit has given to me. Then you will grow stronger in your faith.
Romans 1:12 And we can encourage each other by the faith that is ours.
Romans 1:13 My friends, I want you to know that I have often planned to visit you but something always prevented it. I want to win followers to Christ in Rome, as I have done in many other non Jewish places.
Romans 1:14 I am obligated to tell the good news to the civilized and educated, as well as the uncivilized and uneducated.
Romans 1:15 That's why I am eager to visit all of you in Rome.
Romans 1:16 I am not ashamed of the good news of Jesus Christ. It is God's powerful way of saving all who will believe it, whether they are Jews or Gentiles.
Romans 1:17 This righteousness from God reveals how God accepts those who have faith in Him, just as the Habakkuk 2:4 says, "The people God accepts will live by faith."
Romans 1:18 God reveals His anger from Heaven against all wickedness and evil that sinful people do to push the truth away from themselves.
Romans 1:19 For they know everything that can be known about God, because God reveals it to them through their conscience.
Romans 1:20 God's eternal power and character cannot be observed. But from the evidence of creation, God has shown what these are like by all He has made. That's why those people don't have any excuse for not knowing God.
Romans 1:21 They knew about God but didn't honor him or even thank him. They began foolish ideas of what God is like and by causing confusion, they live in darkness.
Romans 1:22 Claiming to be scientific and wise, they became fools.
Romans 1:23 They wont worship the glorious and eternal God but worship idols made to look like humans, birds, animals, and reptiles.
Romans 1:24 So God let these people go their own way. They did what they wanted to and their filthy thoughts made them do shameful things with their bodies.
Romans 1:25 They give up the truth about God for a lie and worshipped God's creation instead of God, who will be praised forever. Amen.
Romans 1:26 God lets them follow their own shameful evil desires and they practice unnatural acts with each other. Even the women no longer desire sex in a natural way, and prefer same sex with each other.
Romans 1:27 And the men behave in the same way. They stopped wanting to have sex with women and had strong desires for sex with other men. They did shameful things with each other, and what has happened to them is punishment for their foolish deeds.
Romans 1:28 Since these people refused even to think about God, He let their useless minds rule over them. That's why they do all sorts of indecent things.
Romans 1:29 They are evil, wicked, sensual, greedy, and mean in every possible way. They desire what others have, and they murder, argue, cheat, very uncooperative, and even gossip,
Romans 1:30 saying cruel things about others. They hate God. They are proud, conceited, boastful, and always thinking up new ways to do evil. These people don't even respect their parents.
Romans 1:31 They refuse to have understanding, they are unreliable and don't have any love or pity for others.
Romans 1:32 They know God has said that anyone who acts this way deserves to die. But they keep on doing evil things, and take pleasure in others that practice evil.
Romans 2 “God’s Judgment”
Romans 2:1 Some of you accuse others of doing wrong. But there is no excuse for what you do. When you judge others, you condemn yourselves, because you are guilty of doing the very same things.
Romans 2:2 We know that God is right to judge everyone who behaves this way.
Romans 2:3 Do you really think God won't punish you when you behave exactly like the people you accuse?
Romans 2:4 Don’t you care about God's wonderful kindness, patience, and willingness to put up with you? Don't you know that the reason God is tolerant of you is because, in His kindness, He wants you to turn from sin to Him?
Romans 2:5 But you are stubborn and refuse turning to God. So you are making things worse for yourselves for the judgment day when God will display His anger and judge the world in His fairness.
Romans 2:6 God will judge each of us for what we have done.
Romans 2:7 He will give eternal life to everyone who has patiently done what is good in the hope of receiving glory, honor, and the life that lasts forever.
Romans 2:8 But He will pour out His anger upon every selfish person who rejects the truth and wants to do evil.
Romans 2:9 All who are wicked will be punished with trouble and suffering. It doesn't matter if they are Jews or Gentiles.
Romans 2:10 But all who do right will be rewarded with glory, honor, and peace, whether they are Jews or Gentiles.
Romans 2:11 For God doesn't have any favorites!
Romans 2:12 Even the people who don't know God's written Law will still be punished for doing wrong. And the Law will be used to judge everyone who knows what it says.
Romans 2:13 God accepts those who know and obey His Law, but not those who simply hear it.
Romans 2:14 Some people naturally obey the Law's commands of right and wrong, though they don't even have the Law.
Romans 2:15 This proves that their conscience is like a law written within their hearts and it shows whether they are forgiven or condemned,
Romans 2:16 when God appoints Jesus Christ to judge everyone's secret thoughts, just as my message declares.
Romans 2:17 Some of you call yourselves Jews. You trust in the Law and take pride in God’s covenantal agreement with you.
Romans 2:18 By reading the Scriptures you learn how God wants you to behave, and you discover what is right and wrong.
Romans 2:19 You are sure that you are a guide for the blind and a light for all who are lost in darkness without God.
Romans 2:20 And since there is knowledge and truth in God's Law, you think you can instruct the ignorant and teach the young.
Romans 2:21 But how can you teach others when you refuse to learn? You preach that it is wrong to steal. But do you steal?
Romans 2:22 You say people should be faithful in marriage. But are you faithful? You hate idolatry, but you rob their pagan temples.
Romans 2:23 You take pride in knowing the Law, but you disobey it bringing dishonor to God.
Romans 2:24 Just as Isaiah 52:5 says, "Your actions make foreigners say insulting things about God."
Romans 2:25 Being circumcised is worthwhile, if you obey the Law. But if you don't obey the Law, you are no better off than people who are not circumcised.
Romans 2:26 And if they obey the Law, they are as good as anyone who is circumcised.
Romans 2:27 So everyone who obeys the Law, but has not been circumcised, will be better off than the Jews who are circumcised and have the Law, but don't obey its teachings.
Romans 2:28 Just because you are born of Jewish parents, live like a Jew, and are circumcised, doesn't make you a real Jew.
Romans 2:29 A real Jew obeys God’s Law. True circumcision happens in your spiritual heart, by the power of the Holy Spirit, not by the cutting away of your body. And you should want praise from God, not people.
Romans 3 “God’s Faithfulness”
Romans 3:1 What good is there to be Jewish or be circumcised?
Romans 3:2 It is good in a lot of ways. First of all, God's spoken word was entrusted to the Jews.
Romans 3:3 It is true that some were unfaithful and broke their promises. But does this mean God will break His promises?
Romans 3:4 No, indeed! God tells the truth, even if everyone else is a liar. Psalm 51:4 says, "Your words will be proven true, and in court you will win your case."
Romans 3:5 How can we foolishly think our evil deeds magnify how good God’s forgiveness is?
Romans 3:6 This is wrong thinking, Otherwise, how could God bring judgment upon the sins of the world?
Romans 3:7 If you believe your lies bring great honor to God by showing how truthful He is, then ask yourself why God still says you are a sinner.
Romans 3:8 You might as well say, "Let's do something evil, so that the goodness of God will be exposed." Some people claim that I teach this. But God is fair and will judge them as well.
Romans 3:9 What does all this mean? Does it mean that we Jews are better off than the Gentiles? No, it doesn't! Jews, as well as Gentiles, are ruled by the power of Sin.
Romans 3:10 Psalms 14:1-3 and Psalms 53:1-3 says, "No one is good before God. Not one person.
Romans 3:11 No one understands or searches for God.
Romans 3:12 All have turned away from God and go the wrong direction.
No one does anything good or right.
Romans 3:13 Their words are like a smelly pit, telling lies as deadly as snake poison,
Romans 3:14 their mouths are full of bitter curses.
Romans 3:15 They are quick to murder.
Romans 3:16 they leave ruin and destruction.
Romans 3:17 They don't know how to live in true peace.
Romans 3:18 They don't even have the fear of God holding them back."
Romans 3:19 We know that everything in the Law was given to stop anyone from making excuses and to let God show that the whole world is guilty.
Romans 3:20 God does not declare anyone obedient to the Law as righteous. The Law magnifies our sinfulness.
Romans 3:21 God has shown us a different way to be right in His sight, and it isn't by obeying the Laws of Moses.
Romans 3:22 God treats everyone alike and accepts all people that trust in Jesus Christ to take away their Sin.
Romans 3:23 All of us have sinned and fall short of God's glorious standard.
Romans 3:24 But God kindly accepts us and declares us “not guilty” because of Jesus Christ, who purchased us.
Romans 3:25 God sent Jesus to be the punishment for our Sin and relieve God’s anger upon us. Jesus offered His life's blood, so that by faith in His sacrifice we could turn to God. God did this to show that in the past He was right to be patient and forgive sinners.
Romans 3:26 This shows us that God is right when He accepts people today who have faith in Jesus.
Romans 3:27 Is there anything we can brag about in obedience to the law? No! It is because of our faith in Jesus, not in good deeds or works.
Romans 3:28 We are made acceptable to God because of our faith in Jesus and not by obedience to the Law.
Romans 3:29 Does God belong only to the Jews or is He also the God of the Gentiles? Yes, He is!
Romans 3:30 There is only one God, and only one way to His righteousness. He accepts Gentiles as well as Jews, simply because of their faith in Jesus.
Romans 3:31 Do we forget the Law by replacing it with our faith in Jesus? Not at all! This fulfills the law’s purpose.
Romans 4 “Abraham’s Faith in God”
Romans 4:1 What can we say about our Jewish founder Abraham experiencing salvation through faith?
Romans 4:2 If He became acceptable to God by works, then He would have something to brag about. But He would never be able to brag to God.
Romans 4:3 Genesis 15:6 says, "God accepted Abraham because Abraham believed and had faith in God."
Romans 4:4 Money paid to workers is not a gift, it is a wage earned by working.
Romans 4:5 You cannot make God accept you by something you do. God accepts sinners because of their faith alone in Him.
Romans 4:6 David wrote in Psalm 32:1-2 about the blessing that comes to undeserving sinners declared acceptable to God.
Romans 4:7 "God blesses those whose sins are forgiven and evil deeds are forgotten.
Romans 4:8 The Lord blesses those whose sins are erased from His book."
Romans 4:9 Are these blessings meant for the Jews only or for Gentiles also? God declared Abraham good because Abraham had faith in Him.
Romans 4:10 But when did his faith help him? Was Abraham declared righteous before or after His circumcision? His faith was before circumcision.
Romans 4:11 Abraham’s circumcision displayed He had already been accepted because of His faith in God. This makes Abraham the father of all who are acceptable to God, in righteousness, because of their faith in Him, even without circumcision.
Romans 4:12 This also makes Abraham the spiritual father of everyone who is circumcised and has faith in God, as Abraham did before He was circumcised.
Romans 4:13 God promised Abraham, in Genesis 12:3, that He would give him the world. This promise wasn't made because Abraham had obeyed the Law. It was because of his new relationship of faith in God that made him acceptable.
Romans 4:14 If Abraham and his descendants were given God’s promise because they obeyed the Law to be declared worthy, then faith would mean nothing, and the promise would be worthless.
Romans 4:15 God brings punishment upon those who break His Law. Only where there is no law, it cannot be broken.
Romans 4:16 Everything depends upon faith in God as God's free promise is assured to us by His great kindness. This promise isn't only for Abraham's descendants who try to keep the Law. Abraham is the ancestor of all who display this same kind of faith in God.
Romans 4:17 God told Abraham, in Genesis 17:5, he would become the ancestor of many nations. This promise was made to Abraham because He had faith in God, who raises the dead to life and creates new things from nothing.
Romans 4:18 God promised Abraham, in Genesis 15:5, that He would be given a lot of descendants. And when it all seemed hopeless, Abraham still had faith in God and became the ancestor of many nations.
Romans 4:19 Abraham's faith never became weak, even when He was nearly a hundred years too old to produce and His wife Sarah could not bear children.
Romans 4:20 But Abraham never doubted or questioned God's promise. His faith made him stronger and brought glory to God.
Romans 4:21 Abraham was convinced God would do what He promised.
Romans 4:22 God credited Abraham’s faith with righteousness.
Romans 4:23 But God’s righteousness was not only for Abraham.
Romans 4:24 But also for us, since we are accepted because of our faith in God raising our Lord Jesus Christ from death to life.
Romans 4:25 God provided Jesus Christ to die for our sins, and He raised Jesus to new life, so that we would be made acceptable to God.
Romans 5 “True Faith in Jesus"
Romans 5:1 By faith we have been made right with God. And because of what our Lord Jesus Christ did for us, we live in peace with God.
Romans 5:2 Through faith, Christ has brought us to God's undeserved kindness upon which we take our stand. So we are confident and joyful as we look forward to sharing in the glory of God.
Romans 5:3 And we gladly tolerate problems and sufferings, because we know that these trials help us endure.
Romans 5:4 Endurance builds strength of character and confidence, which gives us the hope of salvation
Romans 5:5 that will never disappoint us because God’s love has given us the Holy Spirit to fill our hearts with His love.
Romans 5:6 Jesus Christ died for us at the time we were helpless and sinful.
Romans 5:7 No one is really willing to die for an honest person, though someone might be willing to die for a truly good person.
Romans 5:8 But God shows His great love for us by having Jesus Christ die for us, even though we were sinful.
Romans 5:9 And now that God has accepted us because Jesus Christ sacrificed His life's blood for us, we will also be kept safe from God's judgment.
Romans 5:10 Even while we were God's enemies, He restored friendship with us, and because His Son died for us, we will be saved from eternal punishment by His Son's life.
Romans 5:11 And we are happy because God sent our Lord Jesus Christ to make friends with us in our new relationship of peace with God.
Romans 5:12 Adam’s sin of disobedience spread Sin and Death into the human race. So now everyone has sinned and must die.
Romans 5:13 Sin was present in the world even before the Law was given. But no record of sin was kept, because there was no Law.
Romans 5:14 Yet death still had power over all who lived from the time of Adam to the time of Moses. This happened, though not everyone disobeyed a direct command from God, as Adam did. In some ways Adam is like Jesus Christ who came later.
Romans 5:15 For God’s gift of forgiveness is very different from Adam's sin. Adam’s sin brought death to all. But, Jesus Christ, alone, brought God's gift of forgiveness to others.
Romans 5:16 There is a big difference between Adam's sin and God's gift. Adam’s sin brought punishment. But God's gift made it possible for us to become acceptable to him though we have sinned many times.
Romans 5:17 Death ruled over us like a king because Adam sinned. But God has been so kind and has accepted us because of the man, Jesus Christ, so that we will live in triumph over sin and death.
Romans 5:18 Everyone deserves punishment because of Adam’s sin. But because of the righteousness Jesus Christ has done, God accepts us and gives us the gift of life.
Romans 5:19 Adam disobeyed God and caused others to be sinners. But Jesus obeyed God to make many people acceptable to God.
Romans 5:20 The Law was given to reveal the full power of sin. But where sin is powerful, God's kindness is even more powerful.
Romans 5:21 Sin ruled over all and brought death. But God's kindness now rules, and God has accepted us, and given us eternal life, through Jesus Christ our Lord.
Adam (First Man) | Jesus (Second Man, Last Adam)
Death | Life
Punishment | Reward
Rejection | Acceptance
Disobedience | Obedience
Judgment | Kindness
Separated | United
Slaves | Servants
Sin | Salvation
Buried | Raised
Bondage | Liberation
Guilty | Righteous
Law | Liberty
Evil | Goodness
Shame | Glory
Conflict | Peace
Orphaned | Adopted
Rules | Relationship
Commandments | Holy Spirit
Selfish | Giving
Romans 6 “Freedom From Sin”
Romans 6:1 So what do we do now? Should we keep on sinning so that God will increase His wonderful kindness and forgiveness?
Romans 6:2 Certainly not! If we are dead to sin, how can we continue to live in sin?
Romans 6:3 Don't you know that all who share in Christ’s baptism were also baptized into His death?
Romans 6:4 For we died and were buried with Christ in His baptism, to live a new life, as Christ was raised from death to life by the glory of God the Father.
Romans 6:5 If we are united in Jesus Christ's death, we will also be raised to new life with Him.
Romans 6:6 Our sinful selves were nailed to the cross with Jesus Christ so that sin would lose it’s power in our lives, and we would no longer be slaves to sin.
Romans 6:7 We were set free from the power of Sin when we died with Jesus Christ.
Romans 6:8 And since we died with Jesus Christ, we will also live with Him.
Romans 6:9 And we know that death no longer has any power over Jesus Christ. He died and was raised to new life, never to die again.
Romans 6:10 Jesus Christ died to defeat Sin, once and for all. And He lives for God’s glory.
Romans 6:11 So you must think of yourselves as dead to the power of Sin. For Jesus Christ our Lord has given life to you to live for God.
Romans 6:12 Do not let Sin rule the desires of your body that is destined for death.
Romans 6:13 or let any part of it become a slave of evil. Give yourselves to God, as people who have been raised from death to new life. Make every part of your body a servant that pleases God.
Romans 6:14 Sin is no longer your master for you are no longer under the Law which holds you to Sin. You are now under God's kindness.
Romans 6:15 Does this mean we are free to sin because we are set free by God's wonderful kindness and not under the Law? Of course not!
Romans 6:16 Don't you know that you are slaves to anything you obey? You can be slaves of Sin and die, or you can be servants of God, acceptable to Him.
Romans 6:17 You used to be slaves to sin, but I thank God that, with all your heart, you now obey the new guidelines God has given you.
Romans 6:18 Now you are set free from Sin, your old master, and become servants of righteousness.
Romans 6:19 I use these simple illustrations of slave and master so that you will understand. You used to let parts of your body be slaves of evil and lawless thoughts. But now you must make every part of your body serve God and belong completely to Him.
Romans 6:20 When you were slaves of Sin, you didn't care about pleasing God.
Romans 6:21 And what good did you receive from those deeds that lead to death? Nothing but shame.
Romans 6:22 Now you have been set free from the power of Sin to become servants of God. This will make you holy and lead you to eternal life.
Romans 6:23 Sin’s payoff is death. But the free gift of God is eternal life provided by Jesus Christ our Lord.
Romans 7 “Faith Over Law”
Romans 7:1 My friends, Laws only have power over living people.
Romans 7:2 For example, the Law of marriage says a man's wife is bound to the man as long as He lives, and is free to marry someone else if He dies.
Romans 7:3 But she is unfaithful if she goes off with another man while Her husband is still alive.
Romans 7:4 That is how it is with you, since you were crucified, in Jesus Christ, on the cross, and are dead to the power of the Law. You are free and united with Jesus Christ, who was raised from death to life, so that we could serve in good deeds for God.
Romans 7:5 When we were controlled by our old nature of sinful desires, the Law enticed us to evil acts, resulting in death.
Romans 7:6 But since we died in Jesus Christ, we have been released from the Law, and it can no longer rule or have power over us. Now we can serve God in a new way by obeying His Spirit, and not in the old way by obeying the written Law.
Romans 7:7 Does this mean that the Law itself is sinful? Certainly not! For the Law reveals what Sin is really like. For example, I would not have known it is wrong to desire something that belongs to someone else unless the Law had told me not to do that.
Romans 7:8 It was Sin, exposed by the Law, that raised up forbidden desires within me. But Sin loses its power without the Law.
Romans 7:9 I was fine before I knew about the Law’s demands. But when I learned the truth that I had broken the Law, I realized I was a sinner, already dead.
Romans 7:10 Therefore, the good Law was supposed to show the way of life to me, but instead revealed my death.
Romans 7:11 Sin used the good Law to trick me and make me guilty of death.
Romans 7:12 But the good Law, and its commands, are holy and correct.
Romans 7:13 Am I saying that something good caused my spiritual death? Certainly not! It was Sin that killed me by using something good. Now we can see how terrible and evil Sin really is. Sin uses God’s commandments for its own evil purposes.
Romans 7:14 We know the Law is good and the problem is myself. For I have been sold into slavery with Sin as my master.
Romans 7:15 In fact, I don't understand why I act the way I do. I don't do what I know is right. I do the things I hate.
Romans 7:16 I know I do wrong, and my bad conscience agrees that the Law is good.
Romans 7:17 So I am not the one doing these evil things. It is Sin, living within me, making me do wrong.
Romans 7:18 I know that my old Sin nature of selfish desires won't let me do anything good. I want to do right, but I can not.
Romans 7:19 I don’t do what I know is right, and when I try not to do wrong, I do it anyway.
Romans 7:20 Even though I don't do what I know is right, I am no longer the one doing it. It is the Sin nature living within me that does these evil things.
Romans 7:21 The Law exposes that something evil within me keeps me from doing what I know is right.
Romans 7:22 For within my whole heart, I am delighted to agree with the Law of God.
Romans 7:23 But I discover another law within me winning the fight against my mind, it makes me a prisoner to the law of Sin, controlling everything I do.
Romans 7:24 What a miserable person I am. Who will rescue me from this body of death dominated by Sin?
Romans 7:25 Thank God that Jesus Christ rescues me! So with my spiritual mind I serve the Law of God, but with my sinful nature, the law of Sin.
Romans 8 “Freedom Through Jesus”
Romans 8:1 So there is no condemnation of eternal punishment for those who are in Jesus Christ and live according to the Holy Spirit, and not of the sinful nature.
Romans 8:2 For the Law of the Spirit of Life, which is faith in Jesus Christ, has set me free from the powerful law of Sin and death.
Romans 8:3 The Law of Moses cannot save us because our selfish desires break it down. But God set you free by His plan of sending His own Son, to live in human flesh, like us, but without Sin, and substitute Jesus Christ’s body for ours, as a condemned sacrifice, to destroy the power of Sin.
Romans 8:4 He did this so that we would obey the Law’s commands through the Spirit instead of following our own sinful desires.
Romans 8:5 Those who are ruled by their sinful nature think only of their selfish desires. And everyone ruled by the Holy Spirit thinks about what pleases God.
Romans 8:6 If our minds are controlled by our sinful desires, we die. But if our minds are ruled by the Holy Spirit, we will have life and peace.
Romans 8:7 Our sinful nature fights against God and cannot obey God's laws.
Romans 8:8 That is why those remaining controlled by their sinful nature can never please God.
Romans 8:9 But you are no longer ruled by your sinful nature if God's Holy Spirit lives within you. People who don't have the Spirit of Jesus Christ within them do not belong to God.
Romans 8:10 Your body is dead because of your Sin but your spirit is alive because Jesus Christ lives within you and God has accepted you.
Romans 8:11 God raised Jesus from death to life and God's same Spirit now lives within you, and He will raise your mortal body from death to new life.
Romans 8:12 So there is no more compulsion to satisfy the urges of our old nature of sinful selfish desires.
Romans 8:13 For if you do, you will die. But if you turn from Sin’s evil, by the help and power of God's Holy Spirit, you will live.
Romans 8:14 Only those led by God's Holy Spirit are truly His people.
Romans 8:15 For God's Holy Spirit does not turn us into fearful slaves of Him. Instead, we are adopted as His children and call God our Father.
Romans 8:16 And God's Holy Spirit assures us we are His children.
Romans 8:17 God’s Holy Spirit reveals God’s promise that as God’s children, we will share in the treasures God promised to His Son, Jesus Christ, but we must also share in His suffering before sharing His glory.
Romans 8:18 But what we are suffering now cannot compare with the glory He will give us.
Romans 8:19 For all creation is eagerly awaiting for that future day when God will reveal who His real children are.
Romans 8:20 For creation was unwillingly subjected to God’s curse and anticipates the hope
Romans 8:21 that it will soon share in the glorious freedom of His children and also be set free from death and decay.
Romans 8:22 We know that all creation is still groaning in pain, like a woman giving birth.
Romans 8:23 And we also groan silently waiting for God to reveal we are His children. We have the Holy Spirit within us foreshadowing our future glory and we anxiously await the day God grants us our full rights as His adopted children including the promise of a new body.